OPC UA: the details
It is maintained by the OPC Foundation, was released in 2008 and is published as IEC 62541. It replaces classic OPC, which depended on Windows. An OPC UA server—usually the PLC itself or a gateway—exposes variables organized in a tree with meaning: not just a value, but what it is, which unit it’s in and which equipment it belongs to. A client subscribes and receives the changes.
It includes encryption and certificate-based authentication, which makes it possible to pull data from the plant without opening the control network more than necessary. It coexists with other protocols: Modbus is still present in older equipment and MQTT is common for carrying data to the cloud. A real project almost always has to read from several.